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Bishops consecrated by Pope Pius XI as principal consecrator 27 April 1924 11 July 1926 21 July 1929 Pope Pius XI, (: Pio XI) born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti ( Italian pronunciation:; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was head of the from 6 February 1922 to his death in 1939. He was the first of from its creation as an independent state on 11 February 1929.

He took as his papal motto, 'Pax Christi in Regno Christi,' translated 'The Peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ.' Pius XI issued numerous, including on the 40th anniversary of 's groundbreaking social encyclical, highlighting the capitalistic of international finance, the dangers of /, and issues, and, establishing the in response to. The encyclical Studiorum ducem, promulgated 29 June 1923, was written on the occasion of the 6th centenary of the canonization of, whose thought is acclaimed as central to Catholic philosophy and theology.

The encyclical also singles out the as the preeminent institution for the teaching of Aquinas: 'ante omnia Pontificium Collegium Angelicum, ubi Thomam tamquam domi suae habitare dixeris' (before all others the Pontifical Angelicum College, where Thomas can be said to dwell). To establish or maintain the position of the Catholic Church, he concluded a record number of, including the with Germany, whose betrayals of which convention he condemned four years later in the encyclical ('With Burning Concern').

During his pontificate, the longstanding hostility with the Italian government over the status of the papacy and the Church in Italy was successfully resolved in the of 1929. He was unable to stop the persecution of the Church and the killing of clergy in, and the. He canonized important saints, including,,, and.

He beatified and canonized, for whom he held special reverence, and gave equivalent canonization to, naming him a due to the spiritual power of his writings. He took a strong interest in fostering the participation of lay people throughout the Catholic Church, especially in the movement. The end of his pontificate was dominated by speaking out against Hitler and Mussolini and defending the Catholic Church from intrusions into Catholic life and education. He died on 10 February 1939 in the and is buried in the Papal Grotto of.

In the course of excavating space for his tomb, were uncovered which revealed bones now venerated as. The parents of Pius XI Achille Ratti was born in, in the, in 1857, the son of an owner of a factory. He was ordained a priest in 1879 and embarked on an academic career within the Church. He obtained three doctorates (in philosophy, and theology) at the in, and then from 1882 to 1888 was a professor at the seminary in. His scholarly specialty was as an expert, a student of ancient and medieval Church manuscripts. Eventually, he left seminary teaching to work full-time at the in, from 1888 to 1911. During this time, he edited and published an edition of the (the rite of Mass used in Milan), and researched and wrote much on the life and works of St..

He became chief of the Library in 1907 and undertook a thorough programme of restoration and re-classification of the Ambrosian's collection. He was also an avid in his spare time, reaching the summits of, the, and.

The combination of a scholar-athlete pope would not be seen again until the pontificate of. In 1911, at 's (1903–1914) invitation, he moved to the Vatican to become Vice-Prefect of the, and in 1914 was promoted to Prefect. Nuncio to Poland and Expulsion [ ]. The young Ratti as a newly ordained priest In 1918, (1914–1922) asked him to change careers and take a diplomatic post: (that is, unofficial papal representative) in, a state newly restored to existence, but still under effective German and control. In October 1918, Benedict was the first head of state to congratulate the Polish people on the occasion of the restoration of their independence.

In March 1919, he nominated ten new bishops and, soon after, upgraded Ratti's position in Warsaw to the official position of. Ratti was consecrated as a in October 1919. Benedict XV and Nuncio Ratti repeatedly cautioned Polish authorities against persecuting the Lithuanian and clergy. During the Bolshevik advance against, the Pope asked for worldwide public prayers for Poland, while Ratti was the only foreign diplomat who refused to flee Warsaw when the was approaching the city in August 1920. On 11 June 1921, Benedict XV asked Ratti to deliver his message to the Polish episcopate, warning against political misuses of spiritual power, urging again peaceful coexistence with neighbouring people, stating that “love of country has its limits in justice and obligations”. Ratti intended to work for by building bridges to men of goodwill in the, even to shedding his blood for Russia.

Benedict, however, needed Ratti as a diplomat, not as a, and forbade his traveling into the USSR despite his being the official papal delegate for Russia. The nuncio's continued contacts with Russians did not generate much sympathy for him within Poland at the time. After Pope Benedict sent Ratti to to forestall potential political agitation within the Polish Catholic clergy, the nuncio was asked to leave Poland. On 20 November, when German Cardinal announced a papal ban on all political activities of clergymen, calls for Ratti's expulsion climaxed. Ratti was asked to leave. “While he tried honestly to show himself as a friend of Poland, Warsaw forced his departure, after his neutrality in Silesian voting was questioned” by Germans and Poles.

Nationalistic Germans objected to the Polish nuncio supervising local elections, and patriotic Poles were upset because he curtailed political action among the clergy. Pius XI makes his first public appearance as pope in 1922. The coat of arms on the banner is that of. In the of 3 June 1921, Pope Benedict XV created three new cardinals, including Achille Ratti, who was appointed simultaneously. The pope joked with them, saying, 'Well, today I gave you the red hat, but soon it will be white for one of you.'

After the Vatican celebration, Ratti went to the Benedictine monastery at for a retreat to prepare spiritually for his new role. He accompanied Milanese pilgrims to in August 1921. Ratti received a tumultuous welcome on a visit to his home town, and was enthroned in Milan on 8 September. On 22 January 1922, Pope Benedict XV died unexpectedly of. At the conclave to choose a new pope, which proved to be the longest of the 20th century, the College of Cardinals was divided into two factions, one led by favoring the policies and style of Pope Pius X and the other favoring those of Pope Benedict XV led.

Gasparri approached Ratti before voting began on the third day and told him he would urge his supporters to switch their votes to Ratti, who was shocked to hear this. When it became clear that neither Gasparri nor del Val could win, the cardinals approached Ratti, thinking him a compromise candidate not identified with either faction. Cardinal approached Ratti and was believed to have said: 'We will vote for Your Eminence if Your Eminence will promise that you will not choose Cardinal Gasparri as your secretary of state'. Ratti is said to have responded: 'I hope and pray that among so highly deserving cardinals the Holy Spirit selects someone else. If I am chosen, it is indeed Cardinal Gasparri whom I will take to be my secretary of state'.

Ratti was elected pope on the conclave's fourteenth ballot on 6 February 1922 and took the name 'Pius XI', explaining that Pius IX was the pope of his youth and Pius X had appointed him head of the Vatican Library. It was rumoured that immediately after the election, he decided to appoint Pietro Gasparri as his. As his first act as pope, he revived the traditional public blessing from the balcony, ('to the city and to the world'), abandoned by his predecessors since the loss of Rome to the Italian state in 1870. This suggested his openness to a rapprochement with the government of Italy. Less than a month later, considering that all four cardinals from the Western Hemisphere had been unable to participate in his election, he issued to allow the College of Cardinals to delay the start of a conclave for as long as eighteen days following the death of a pope.

Public teaching: 'The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ' [ ]. Pius XI in later life Pius XI's first encyclical as pope was directly related to his aim of Christianising all aspects of increasingly secular societies., promulgated in December 1922, inaugurated the 'Catholic Action' movement. Similar goals were in evidence in two encyclicals of 1929 and 1930. Divini illius magistri ('That Divine Teacher') (1929) made clear the need for Christian over secular education. ('Chaste Wedlock') (1930) praised Christian marriage and family life as the basis for any good society; it condemned artificial means of contraception, but acknowledged the unitive aspect of intercourse: •.[A]ny use whatsoever of matrimony exercised in such a way that the act is deliberately frustrated in its natural power to generate life is an offense against the law of God and of nature, and those who indulge in such are branded with the guilt of a grave sin. •.Nor are those considered as acting against nature who in the married state use their right in the proper manner although on account of natural reasons either of time or of certain defects, new life cannot be brought forth. For in matrimony as well as in the use of the matrimonial rights there are also secondary ends, such as mutual aid, the cultivating of mutual love, and the quieting of concupiscence which husband and wife are not forbidden to consider so long as they are subordinated to the primary end and so long as the intrinsic nature of the act is preserved.

Political teachings [ ] In contrast to some of his predecessors in the nineteenth century who had favoured monarchy and dismissed democracy, Pius XI took a pragmatic approach toward the different forms of government. In his encyclical (1933), in which he addressed the situation of the Church in, he proclaimed, Universally known is the fact that the Catholic Church is never bound to one form of government more than to another, provided the Divine rights of God and of Christian consciences are safe. She does not find any difficulty in adapting herself to various civil institutions, be they monarchic or republican, aristocratic or democratic. Social teachings [ ] Part of a on the. • • • Pius XI argued for a reconstruction of economic and political life on the basis of religious values. (1931), was written to mark 'forty years' since 's (1878–1903) encyclical Rerum novarum, and restated that encyclical's warnings against both socialism and unrestrained capitalism, as enemies to human freedom and dignity. Pius XI instead envisioned an economy based on co-operation and solidarity.

In, he stated that social and economic issues are vital to the Church not from a technical point of view but in terms of moral and ethical issues involved. Ethical considerations include the nature of private property in terms of its functions for society and the development of the individual. He defined fair wages and branded the exploitation both materially and spiritually by international capitalism. Private property [ ] The Church has a role in discussing the issues related to the social order. Social and economic issues are vital to her not from a technical point of view but in terms of moral and ethical issues involved.

Ethical considerations include the nature of private property. Within the Catholic Church several conflicting views had developed. Pope Pius XI declares private property essential for the development and freedom of the individual. Those who deny private property, deny personal freedom and development. But, said Pius, private property has a social function as well. Private property loses its morality, if it is not subordinated to the common good.

Therefore, governments have a right to redistribution policies. In extreme cases, the Pope grants the State a right of expropriation of private property. Capital and labour [ ] A related issue, said Pius, is the relation between capital and labour and the determination of fair wages. Pius develops the following ethical mandate: The Church considers it a perversion of industrial society to have developed sharp opposite camps based on income. He welcomes all attempts to alleviate these differences.

Three elements determine a fair wage: the worker's family, the economic condition of the enterprise, and the economy as a whole. The family has an innate right to development, but this is only possible within the framework of a functioning economy and a sound enterprise. Thus, Pius concludes that cooperation and not conflict is a necessary condition, given the mutual interdependence of the parties involved.

Social order [ ] Pius XI believed that industrialization results in less freedom at the individual and communal level, because numerous free social entities get absorbed by larger ones. The society of individuals becomes the mass class-society. People are much more interdependent than in ancient times, and become egoistic or class-conscious in order to save some freedom for themselves. The pope demands more solidarity, especially between employers and employees, through new forms of cooperation and communication.

Pius displays a negative view of capitalism, especially of the anonymous international finance markets. He identifies certain dangers for small and medium-size enterprises, which have insufficient access to capital markets and are squeezed or destroyed by the larger ones. He warns that capitalist interests can become a danger for nations, which could be reduced to “chained slaves of individual interests” Pius XI was the first Pope to utilise the power of modern communications technology in evangelising the wider world. He established in 1931, and he was the first Pope to broadcast on radio. Internal Church affairs and ecumenism [ ] In his management of the Church's internal affairs Pius XI mostly continued the policies of his predecessor. Like, he emphasised spreading Catholicism in Africa and Asia and on the training of native clergy in those mission territories.

He ordered every religious order to devote some of its personnel and resources to missionary work. Pius XI continued the approach of Benedict XV on the issue of how to deal with the threat of in Catholic theology. The Pope was thoroughly orthodox theologically and had no sympathy with modernist ideas that relativised fundamental Catholic teachings. He condemned modernism in his writings and addresses. However, his opposition to modernist theology was by no means a rejection of new scholarship within the Church, as long as it was developed within the framework of orthodoxy and compatible with the Church's teachings. [ ] Pius XI was interested in supporting serious scientific study within the Church, establishing the in 1936.

In 1928 he formed the Gregorian Consortium of universities in Rome administered by the, fostering closer collaboration between their,, and. Boundary map of, taken from the annex of the The Vatican's relationship with Mussolini's government deteriorated drastically after 1930 as Mussolini's totalitarian ambitions began to impinge more and more on the autonomy of the Church. For example, the Fascists tried to absorb the Church's youth groups. In response, Pius issued the encyclical ('We Have No Need)' in 1931. It denounced the regime's persecution of the church in Italy and condemned 'pagan worship of the State.'

It also condemned Fascism's 'revolution which snatches the young from the Church and from Jesus Christ, and which inculcates in its own young people hatred, violence and irreverence'. From the earliest days of the Nazi takeover in Germany, the Vatican was taking diplomatic action to attempt to defend the Jews of Germany. [ ] In the spring of 1933, Pope Pius XI urged Mussolini to ask Hitler to restrain the anti-Semitic actions taking place in Germany.

Mussolini urged Pius to excommunicate Hitler, [ ] as he thought it would render him less powerful in Catholic Austria and reduce the danger to Italy and wider Europe. The Vatican refused to comply and thereafter Mussolini began to work with Hitler, adopting his anti-Semitic and race theories. In 1936, with the Church in Germany facing clear persecution, Italy and Germany agreed to the.

Relations with Germany and Austria [ ]. I Am Kurious Oranj Rarlab more. Signing of the on 20 July 1933. From left to right: German prelate, German Vice-Chancellor, representing Germany, Monsignor,, Monsignor, German ambassador. A threatening, though initially mainly sporadic persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany followed the 1933 Nazi takeover in Germany. In the dying days of the, the newly appointed Chancellor moved quickly to eliminate.

Vice Chancellor was dispatched to Rome to negotiate a with the Holy See. Wrote that the Vatican was anxious to reach agreement with the new government, despite 'continuing molestation of Catholic clergy, and other outrages committed by Nazi radicals against the Church and its organisations'.

Negotiations were conducted by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, who later became (1939–1958). The Reichskonkordat was signed by Pacelli and by the German government in June 1933, and included guarantees of liberty for the Church, independence for Catholic organisations and youth groups, and religious teaching in schools. The treaty was an extension of existing concordats already signed with Prussia and Bavaria, but wrote Hebblethwaite, it seemed 'more like a surrender than anything else: it involved the suicide of the.

'The agreement', wrote, 'was hardly put to paper before it was being broken by the Nazi Government'. On 25 July, the Nazis promulgated their sterilization law, an offensive policy in the eyes of the Catholic Church. Five days later, moves began to dissolve the Catholic Youth League. Clergy, nuns and lay leaders began to be targeted, leading to thousands of arrests over the ensuing years, often on trumped up charges of currency smuggling or 'immorality'. In February 1936, Hitler sent Pius a telegram congratulating the Pope on the anniversary of his coronation, but he responded with criticisms of what was happening in Germany, so much so that, the foreign secretary, wanted to suppress it, but Pius insisted it be forwarded.

Austria The pope supported the Christian Socialists in Austria, a country with a majority Catholic population but a powerful secular element. He especially supported the regime of (1932–34), who wanted to remold society based on papal encyclicals.

Dollfuss suppressed the anti-clerical elements and the socialists, but was assassinated by the Austrian Nazis in 1934. His successor (1934–38) was also pro-Catholic and received Vatican support. The saw the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in early 1938. Austria was overwhelmingly Catholic. At the direction of, the churches of Vienna pealed their bells and flew swastikas for Hitler's arrival in the city on 14 March. However, wrote Mark Mazower, such gestures of accommodation were 'not enough to assuage the Austrian Nazi radicals, foremost among them the young '.

Globocnik launched a crusade against the Church, and the Nazis confiscated property, closed Catholic organisations and sent many priests to Dachau. Anger at the treatment of the Church in Austria grew quickly and October 1938, wrote Mazower, saw the 'very first act of overt mass resistance to the new regime', when a rally of thousands left Mass in Vienna chanting 'Christ is our Fuehrer', before being dispersed by police. A Nazi mob ransacked Cardinal Innitzer's residence, after he had denounced Nazi persecution of the Church. The American wrote that Pope Pius, 'again protested against the violence of the Nazis, in language recalling Nero and Judas the Betrayer, comparing Hitler with.' Papal styles of Pope Pius XI Spoken style Your Holiness Religious style Holy Father Posthumous style None Mit brennender Sorge [ ] The Nazis claimed jurisdiction over all collective and social activity, interfered with Catholic schooling, youth groups, workers' clubs and cultural societies. By early 1937, the church hierarchy in Germany, which had initially attempted to co-operate with the new government, had become highly disillusioned.

In March, Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical - accusing the Nazi Government of violations of the 1933 Concordat, and further that it was sowing the 'tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church'. The Pope noted on the horizon the 'threatening storm clouds' of religious wars of extermination over Germany. Copies had to be smuggled into Germany so they could be read from their pulpits The encyclical, the only one ever written in German, was addressed to German bishops and was read in all parishes of Germany.

The actual writing of the text is credited to Munich Cardinal and to the Cardinal Secretary of State,, who later became Pope Pius XII. There was no advance announcement of the encyclical, and its distribution was kept secret in an attempt to ensure the unhindered public reading of its contents in all the Catholic churches of Germany. Pope Pius XI in a portrait by exposed in the Vatican Museums in Rome.

Response of the press and governments [ ] While numerous German Catholics, who participated in the secret printing and distribution of the encyclical, went to jail and concentration camps, the Western democracies remained silent, which Pope Pius XI labeled bitterly a 'conspiracy of silence'. As the extreme nature of Nazi racial became obvious, and as Mussolini in the late 1930s began imitating Hitler's anti-Jewish race laws in Italy, Pius XI continued to make his position clear, both in Mit brennender Sorge and after Fascist Italy's was published, in a public address in the Vatican to Belgian pilgrims in 1938: 'Mark well that in the Catholic, is our Patriarch and forefather. Anti-Semitism is incompatible with the lofty thought which that fact expresses. It is a movement with which we Christians can have nothing to do. No, no, I say to you it is impossible for a Christian to take part in anti-Semitism.

It is inadmissible. Through Christ and in Christ we are the spiritual progeny of Abraham. Spiritually, we [Christians] are all Semites' These comments were neither reported. They were reported in Belgium in the 14 September 1938 issue of and in the 17 September 1938 issue of French Roman Catholic daily. They were then published worldwide but had little resonance at the time in the secular media. The 'conspiracy of silence' included not only the silence of secular powers against the horrors of Nazism but also their silence on the persecution of the Church in the Mexico, the Soviet Union and Spain. Despite these public comments, Pius was reported to have suggested privately that the Church's problems in those three countries were 'reinforced by the anti-Christian spirit of Judaism'.

Kristallnacht [ ] When the then-newly installed Nazi government began to instigate its program of anti-Semitism in 1933, Pope Pius XI ordered the papal nuncio in Berlin,, to 'look into whether and how it may be possible to become involved' in their aid. Orsenigo proved a poor instrument in this regard, concerned more with the anti-church policies of the Nazis and how these might affect German Catholics, than with taking action to help German Jews. On 11 November 1938, following, Pope Pius XI joined Western leaders in condemning the pogrom. In response, the Nazis organised mass demonstrations against Catholics and Jews in Munich, and the Bavarian declared before 5,000 protesters: 'Every utterance the Pope makes in Rome is an incitement of the Jews throughout the world to agitate against Germany'.

On 21 November, in an address to the world's Catholics, the Pope rejected the Nazi claim of racial superiority, and insisted instead that there was only a single human race., the Nazi Minister of Labour declared the following day in Vienna: 'No compassion will be tolerated for the Jews. We deny the Pope's statement that there is but one human race. The Jews are parasites.' Catholic leaders, including of Milan, in Belgium and in Paris, backed the Pope's strong condemnation of Kristallnacht. Relations with East Asia [ ] Under Pius XI, Papal relations with East Asia were marked by the rise of the to prominence, as well as the unification of China under. In 1922 he established the position of Apostolic Delegate to China, and the first person in that capacity was. On 1 August 1928, the Pope addressed a message of support for the political unification of China.

Following the Japanese invasion of North China in 1931 and the creation of, the Holy See recognized the new state. On 10 September 1938, the Pope held a reception at Castel Gandolfo for an official delegation from Manchukuo, headed by Manchukuoan Minister of Foreign Affairs Han Yun. Involvement with American efforts [ ] Mother, who founded the American order of Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament for Indians and Colored People, corresponded with Pius XI, as she had with his papal predecessors. (In 1887, Pope Leo XIII had encouraged Katharine Drexel—then a young Philadelphia socialite— to do missionary work with America's disadvantaged people of color).

In the early 1930s, Mother Drexel wrote Pius XI asking him to bless a publicity campaign to acquaint white Catholics with the needs of these disadvantaged races among them. An emissary had shown him photos of Xavier University, New Orleans, LA, which Mother Drexel had established to educate African-Americans at the highest level in the USA. Pius XI replied promptly, sending his blessing and encouragement. Upon his return, the emissary told Mother Katharine that the Pope said he had read the novel as a boy, and it had ignited his lifelong concern for the American Negro. Main article: Worried by the persecution of Christians in the, Pius XI mandated Berlin nuncio to work secretly on diplomatic arrangements between the Vatican and the Soviet Union. Pacelli negotiated food shipments for Russia and met with Soviet representatives, including Foreign Minister, who rejected any kind of religious education and the ordination of priests and bishops, but offered agreements without the points vital to the Vatican.

Despite Vatican pessimism and a lack of visible progress, Pacelli continued the secret negotiations, until Pius XI ordered them discontinued in 1927, because they generated no results and would be dangerous to the Church, if made public. The 'harsh persecution short of total annihilation of the clergy, monks, and nuns and other people associated with the Church', continued well into the 1930s. In addition to executing and exiling many clerics, monks and laymen, the confiscating of Church implements 'for victims of famine' and the closing of churches were common. Yet according to an official report based on the census of 1936, some 55% of Soviet citizens identified themselves openly as religious. Mexico [ ] During the pontificate of Pius XI, the Catholic Church was subjected to extreme persecutions in, which resulted in the death of over 5,000 priests, bishops and followers. In the state of the Church was in effect outlawed altogether.

In his encyclical Iniquis afflictisque from 18 November 1926, Pope Pius protested against the slaughter and persecution. The United States intervened in 1929 and moderated an agreement. The persecutions resumed in 1931. Pius XI condemned the Mexican government again in his 1932 encyclical Acerba animi. Problems continued with reduced hostilities until 1940, when in the new pontificate of President returned the Mexican churches to the Catholic Church. There were 4,500 Mexican priests serving the Mexican people before the rebellion, in 1934, over 90% of them suffered persecution as only 334 priests were licensed by the government to serve fifteen million people. Excluding foreign religious, over 4,100 Mexican priests were eliminated by emigration, expulsion and assassination.

By 1935, 17 Mexican states were left with no priests at all. Main article: The Republican government which came to power in Spain in 1931 was strongly anti-clerical, secularising education, prohibiting religious education in the schools, and expelling the from the country. On 1932, Pope Pius XI protested against these measures and demanded. Syro-Malankara Catholic Church [ ] Pope Pius XI accepted the Reunion Movement of along with four other members of the Malankara Orthodox Church in 1930. As a result of the Reunion Movement, the is in full communion with the and the Catholic Church.

Condemnation of racism [ ] The Fascist government in Italy abstained from copying Germany's racial and laws and regulations until 1938, when Italy introduced anti-Semitic legislation. The Pope publicly asked Italy to abstain from adopting a demeaning racist legislation, stating that the term “race” is divisive but may be appropriate to differentiate animals. The Catholic view would refer to 'the unity of human society', which includes as many differences as music includes intonations. Italy, a civilized country, should not ape the barbarian German legislation, he said. In the same speech, he criticized the Italian government for attacking and even the itself. In April 1938, at the request of Pius XI, the developed a. Its publication was postponed.

In one historian's view: By the time of his death. Pius XI had managed to orchestrate a swelling chorus of Church protests against the racial legislation and the ties that bound Italy to Germany. He had single-mindedly continued to denounce the evils of the Nazi regime at every possible opportunity and feared above all else the re-opening of the rift between Church and State in his beloved Italy.

He had, however, few tangible successes. Kenwood Stereo Control Amplifier Manual on this page. There had been little improvement in the position of the Church in Germany and there was growing hostility to the Church in Italy on the part of the fascist regime. Almost the only positive result of the last years of his pontificate was a closer relationship with the liberal democracies and yet, even this was seen by many as representing a highly partisan stance on the part of the Pope. Pacelli--1922--Nuncio to Germany Humani generis unitas [ ] Pius XI planned an encyclical (The Unity of the Human Race) to denounce racism in the US, Europe and elsewhere, as well as antisemitism, colonialism and violent German nationalism.

He died without issuing it. Pius XI's successor, Pope Pius XII, who was not aware of the text before the death of his predecessor, chose not to publish it. His first encyclical ('On the Supreme Pontificate', 12 October 1939), published after the beginning of World War II, bore the title On the Unity of Human Society and used many of the arguments of the document drafted for Pius XI, while avoiding its negative characterizations of the Jewish people.

Personality [ ] Pius XI was seen as a blunt-spoken and no-nonsense man and those were qualities he shared with. He was passionate about science and was fascinated with the power of radio, which would soon result in the founding and inauguration of. He was intrigued by new forms of technology which he employed during his pontificate. He was also known for a rare smile. Pius XI was known to have a temper at times and was someone who had a keen sense of knowledge and dignity of the office he held. He insisted that he ate alone with no one around him and would not allow his assistants or any other priests of other clergy to dine with him. He would frequently meet with political figures [ ] but would always greet them seated.

[ ] He insisted that when his brother and sister wanted to see him, they had to refer to him as 'Your Holiness' and book an appointment. Pius XI was also a very demanding individual, certainly one of the stricter pontiffs at that time. He held very high standards and did not tolerate any sort of behaviour that was not up to that standard. In regard to, the future Pope John XXIII, a diplomatic blunder in, where Roncalli was stationed, led Pius XI to make Roncalli kneel for 45 minutes as a punishment. However, it should also be indicated that when in due course Pius learnt that Roncalli had made the error in circumstances for which he could not fairly be considered culpable, he apologized to him. Aware of the implied impropriety of a Supreme Pontiff's going back on a reprimand in a matter concerning Catholic faith and morals, [ ] but also deeply conscious that on a human level he had failed to keep his temper in check, he made his apology 'as Achille Ratti' and in doing so stretched out his hand in friendship to Monsignor Roncalli. Death and burial [ ].

Pius XI on his deathbed Pope Pius XI had been ill for some time when, on 25 November 1938, he suffered two heart attacks within several hours. He had serious breathing problems and could not leave his apartment. He gave his last major pontifical address to the, which he had founded, speaking without a prepared text on the relation between science and the Catholic religion. Medical specialists reported that heart insufficiency combined with bronchial attacks had hopelessly complicated his already poor prospects. Pope Pius XI died at 5:31 A.M.

(Rome Time) of a third heart attack on 10 February 1939, at the age of 81. His last words to those near him at the time of his death were spoken with clarity and firmness: 'My soul parts from you all in peace.' Some believe he was murdered, based on the fact that his primary physician was Dr. Francesco Petacci, father of, Mussolini's mistress.

Following a funeral he was buried in the on 14 February 1939, in the main chapel, close to the. His tomb was modified in 1944 to be more ornate.

Legacies [ ]. Statue in Desio.

Pius XI is remembered as the pope who reigned between the two great wars of the 20th century. The onetime librarian also reorganized the Vatican archives. Nevertheless, Pius XI was hardly a withdrawn and bookish figure. He was also a well-known mountain climber with many peaks in the named after him, he having been the first to scale them. A glacier bears Pius XI's name. In 1940, Bishop T.

Pearson founded the Achille Ratti Climbing Club, based in the United Kingdom and named for Pius XI. Pius XI also refounded the in 1936, with the aim of turning it into the 'scientific senate' of the Church. Hostile to any form of ethnic or religious discrimination, he appointed over eighty Academicians from a variety of countries, backgrounds and areas of research. In his honour, established the Pius XI Medal that the Council of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences awards to a young scientist under the age of 45 who has distinguished himself or herself at the international level.

The founded a school in his name in Kattanam, Mavelikkara, Kerala, India. [ ] See also [ ] • • Citations [ ]. • St (1st-century, his coming to Milan is probably legendary) • St • St • St • St (about 270 – 280) • St (283–313?) • St (313–316?) • St (316–328?) • St (328–343?) • St (343–349?) • St (349–355) • (355–374, considered an intruder by the ) • St (374–397) • St (397–400) • St (400–408) • St (408–423) • St (423–435) • St (436–438) • St (438–449) • St (449–462) • St (462–465) • St (465–472) • St (472–475) • St (475–490) • St (490–512) • St (512–518) • St (518–530?) • St (530–552) • Vitale (552–556) • St Ausanus (556–559?) Genoa Period.