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'Kurd' redirects here. For other uses, see. • • • The Kurds (: کورد) or the Kurdish people (: گەلی کورد), are an in the, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of southeastern (), northwestern (), northern (), and northern (). The Kurds are culturally, historically and linguistically classified as belonging to the. Globally, the Kurds are estimated to number anywhere from a low of 30 million, to possibly as high as 45 million, with the majority living in the region they regard as. However, there are significant Kurdish diaspora communities in the cities of western Turkey, in particular. A recent has also developed in Western countries, primarily.
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The Kurds are the majority population in the of, and are a significant minority group in the neighboring countries of,, and, where movements continue to pursue greater and. Main article: The number of Kurds living in is estimated at close to 30 million, with another one or two million living in. Kurds comprise anywhere from 18% to 20% of the population in, possibly as high as 25%; 15 to 20% in; 10% in; and 9% in. Kurds form regional majorities in all four of these countries, viz. The Kurds are the fourth largest after the,, and. The total number of Kurds in 1991 was placed at 22.5 million, with 48% of this number living in Turkey, 18% in Iraq, 24% in Iran, and 4% in Syria.
Recent emigration accounts for a population of close to 1.5 million in Western countries, about half of them. A special case are the Kurdish populations in the and, displaced there mostly in the time of the, who underwent independent developments for more than a century and have developed an ethnic identity in their own right. This groups' population was estimated at close to 0.4 million in 1990. Main article: 'The land of Karda' is mentioned on a Sumerian clay-tablet dated to the 3rd millennium B.C.
This land was inhabited by 'the people of Su' who dwelt in the southern regions of; The philological connection between 'Kurd' and 'Karda' is uncertain but the relationship is considered possible. Other Sumerian clay-tables referred to the people, who lived in the land of Karda, as the Qarduchi and the Qurti. Many Kurds consider themselves descended from the, an ancient Iranian people, and even use a calendar dating from 612 B.C., when the capital of was conquered by the Medes. The claimed Median descent is reflected in the words of the: 'We are the children of the Medes and.' However, MacKenzie and Asatrian challenge the relation of the to Kurdish The, on the other hand, form a subgroup of the like. Some researchers consider the independent as the ancestors of the Kurds, while others prefer. The term 'Kurd,' however, is first encountered in Arabic sources of the seventh century.
Books from the early Islamic era, including those containing legends such as the and the, and other early Islamic sources provide early attestation of the name Kurd. The Kurds have ethnically diverse origins. During the, in, a short prose work written in Middle Persian, is depicted as having battled the Kurds and their leader,. After initially sustaining a heavy defeat, Ardashir I was successful in subjugating the Kurds.
In a letter Ardashir I received from his foe,, which is also featured in the same work, he is referred to as being a Kurd himself. You've bitten off more than you can chew and you have brought death to yourself. O son of a Kurd, raised in the tents of the Kurds, who gave you permission to put a crown on your head? The usage of the term Kurd during this time period most likely was a social term, designating Northwestern Iranian nomads, rather than a concrete ethnic group. Similarly, in AD 360, the Sassanid king marched into the province, to conquer its chief city, Bezabde, present-day.
He found it heavily fortified, and guarded by three legions and a large body of Kurdish archers. After a long and hard-fought siege, Shapur II breached the walls, conquered the city and massacred all its defenders.
Thereafter he had the strategically located city repaired, provisioned and garrisoned with his best troops. There is also a 7th-century text by an unidentified author, written about the legendary. He lived in the 4th century, during the reign of Shapur II, and during his travels is said to have encountered, a deacon and martyr, who, after having been questioned of his origins by Mar Qardagh and his, stated that his parents were originally from an Assyrian village called Hazza, but were driven out and subsequently settled in Tamanon, a village in the land of the Kurds, identified as being in the region of.
Medieval period. Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, or, founder of the in the Middle East Early Syriac sources use the terms Hurdanaye, Kurdanaye, Kurdaye to refer to the Kurds. According to, Hurdanaye separated from Tayaye Arabs and sought refuge with the Byzantine Emperor. He also mentions the troops who fought against Musa chief of Hurdanaye in the region of Qardu in 841.
According to, a king appeared to the Kurdanaye and they rebelled against the Arabs in 829. Michael the Syrian considered them as, followers of and adepts of anism. Their mahdi called himself Christ and the. In the early, the Kurds sporadically appear in Arabic sources, though the term was still not being used for a specific people; instead it referred to an amalgam of nomadic western Iranic tribes, who were distinct from. However, in the, the Kurdish ethnic identity gradually materialized, as one can find clear evidence of the Kurdish ethnic identity and solidarity in texts of the 12th and 13th century, though, the term was also still being used in the social sense.
From 11th century onward, the term Kurd is explicitly defined as an and this does not suggest synonymity with the ethnographic category nomad. Wrote that in 639,, a Sasanian general originating from a noble family, battled against the in, and called upon the Kurds to aid him in battle.
However, they were defeated and brought under Islamic rule. Kurdish Warriors By Frank Feller In 838, a Kurdish leader based in Mosul, named, revolted against the Caliph who sent the commander Itakh to combat him. Itakh won this war and executed many of the Kurds. Eventually Arabs conquered the Kurdish regions and gradually converted the majority of Kurds to Islam, often incorporating them into the military, such as the whose dynastic family members also frequently intermarried with Kurds. In 934 the dynasty was founded, and subsequently conquered most of present-day Iran and Iraq.
During the time of rule of this dynasty, Kurdish chief and ruler, Badr ibn Hasanwaih, established himself as one of the most important emirs of the time. In the 10th-12th centuries, a number of and dynasties were founded, ruling Kurdistan and neighbouring areas: • The (951–1174) ruled parts of present-day and. • The (955–1221) ruled. • The (959–1015) ruled western Iran and upper Mesopotamia. • The (990–1096) ruled eastern Anatolia.
• The (990–1117) ruled western Iran and upper Mesopotamia (succeeded the Hasanwayhids). • The (1148–1424) ruled southwestern Iran. The, center of Mokrian district, northwestern Iran Due to the Turkic invasion of Anatolia, the 11th century Kurdish dynasties crumbled and became incorporated into the Seljuk Dynasty. Kurds would hereafter be used in great numbers in the armies of the. Succeeding the Zengids, the Kurdish established themselves in 1171, first under the leadership of.
Saladin led the Muslims to recapture the city of from the at the; also frequently clashing with the. The Ayyubid dynasty lasted until 1341 when the Ayyubid sultanate fell to invasions. Safavid period. Further information: The Dynasty, established in 1501, also established its rule over Kurdish-inhabited territories. The paternal line of this family actually had Kurdish roots, tracing back to, a dignitary who moved from Kurdistan to Ardabil in the 11th century.
The in 1514 that culminated in what is nowadays Iran's, marked the start of between the Iranian Safavids (and successive Iranian dynasties) and the neighbouring rival. By this war, many of the Kurds would be, as well as in the coming centuries to come, relatively frequently be passed on between the former and latter, as they conquered or lost territories. The Safavid king (r. 1501-1524) put down a Yezidi rebellion which went on from 1506-1510. A century later, the year-long took place, wherein king (r. 1588-1629) succeeded in putting down the rebellion led.
Thereafter, a large number of Kurds was deported to, not only to weaken the Kurds, but also to protect the eastern border from invading and tribes. Forced movements and deportations on behalf of various and policy-related interests were also used by Abbas I and other Safavid rulers, most notably, against other ethnic groups within his vast empire, such as the,, and, who were also moved en masse from and to other districts in his empire. The Kurds of Khorasan, numbering around 700,000, still use the Kurdish dialect.
Several Kurdish noblemen served the Safavids and rose to prominence, such as, who served as the of the Safavid (r. 1666–1694) from 1669 to 1689.
Due to his efforts in reforming the declining Iranian economy, he has been called the 'Safavid ' in modern historiography. Install Macros Coreldraw X6. His son,, served as grand vizier from 1707 to 1716. Another Kurdish statesman,, was close friends with Abbas I, and served as governor in various provinces and was known for his loyal service. The Laki ruler of the Zand Dynasty After the fall of the Safavids, Iran fell under the control of the ruled by at its peak. After Nader's death, Iran fell into civil war, with multiple leaders trying to gain control over the country.
Ultimately, it was, a Laki general of the who would come to power. The country would flourish during Karim Khan’s reign; a strong resurgence of the arts would take place, and international ties were strengthened. Karim Khan was portrayed as being a ruler who truly cared about his subjects, thereby gaining the title Vakil e-Ra’aayaa (meaning Representative of the People in ).
Though not as powerful in its geo-political and military reach as the preceding Safavids and Afsharids or even the early Qajars, he managed to reassert Iranian hegemony over its integral territories in the, and presided over an era of relative peace, prosperity, and tranquility. In, following the, Karim Khan managed to seize for several years. After Karim Khan's death, the dynasty would decline in favour of the rival due to infighting between the Khan’s incompetent offspring.
It wasn't until, 10 years later, that the dynasty would once again be led by an adept ruler. By this time however, the Qajars had already progressed greatly, having taken a number of Zand territories. Lotf Ali Khan made multiple successes before ultimately succumbing to the rivaling faction. Iran and all its Kurdish territories would hereby be incorporated in the. The Kurdish tribes present in and some of those in are believed to be remnants of those that assisted and accompanied Lotf Ali Khan and Karim Khan, respectively. Ottoman period. Further information: and When Sultan, after defeating Shah in, annexed and Kurdistan, he entrusted the organisation of the conquered territories to, the historian, who was a Kurd of.
He divided the territory into sanjaks or districts, and, making no attempt to interfere with the principle of heredity, installed the local chiefs as governors. He also resettled the rich pastoral country between and, which had lain in waste since the passage of, with Kurds from the and Bohtan districts.
For the next centuries, from the until the first half of the 19th century, several regions of the wide Kurdish homelands would be contested as well between the Ottomans and the neighbouring rival successive (Safavids,, ) in the frequent. The Ottoman centralist policies in the beginning of the 19th century aimed to remove power from the principalities and localities, which directly affected the Kurdish emirs.
Was the last emir of the after initiating an uprising in 1847 against the Ottomans to protect the current structures of the Kurdish principalities. Although his uprising is not classified as a nationalist one, his children played significant roles in the emergence and the development of Kurdish nationalism through the next century. The first modern Kurdish nationalist movement emerged in 1880 with an uprising led by a Kurdish landowner and head of the powerful Shemdinan family,, who demanded political autonomy or outright independence for Kurds as well as the recognition of a Kurdistan state without interference from Turkish or Persian authorities. The uprising against and the was ultimately suppressed by the Ottomans and Ubeydullah, along with other notables, were exiled to Istanbul.
20th century. Provisions of the for an independent (in 1920). Kurdish nationalism emerged after World War I with the dissolution of the which had historically successfully integrated (but not assimilated) the Kurds, through use of forced repression of Kurdish movements to gain independence. Revolts did occur sporadically but only in 1880 with the uprising led by did the Kurds as an ethnic group or nation make demands. Ottoman sultan responded with a campaign of integration by co-opting prominent Kurdish opponents to strengthen Ottoman power with offers of prestigious positions in his government.
This strategy appears to have been successful given the loyalty displayed by the Kurdish regiments during World War I. The Kurdish ethno-nationalist movement that emerged following World War I and the end of the Ottoman Empire was largely a reaction to the changes taking place in mainstream Turkey, primarily to the radical, which the strongly Kurds abhorred, to the centralization of authority, which threatened the power of local chieftains and Kurdish autonomy, and to rampant in the new Turkish Republic, which obviously threatened to marginalize them. Kurdish-inhabited areas of the Middle East and the Soviet Union in 1986. From 1922–1924 in Iraq a existed. When administrators thwarted Kurdish nationalist ambitions in, war broke out in the 1960s.
In 1970 the Kurds rejected limited territorial self-rule within Iraq, demanding larger areas including the oil-rich region. During the 1920s and 1930s, several large scale Kurdish revolts took place in Kurdistan. Following these rebellions, the area of Turkish Kurdistan was put under and a large number of the Kurds were displaced. The Turkish government also encouraged resettlement of and in the region to change the make-up of the population.
These events and measures led to a long-lasting mutual distrust between Ankara and the Kurds. During the relatively open government of the 1950s, Kurds gained political office and started working within the framework of the Turkish Republic to further their interests, but this move towards integration was halted with the. The 1970s saw an evolution in Kurdish nationalism as political thought influenced some in the new generation of Kurdish nationalists opposed to the local authorities who had been a traditional source of opposition to authority; eventually they would form the militant separatist organization, also known as the in English. The later abandoned. Kurds are often regarded as 'the largest ethnic group without a state,' although larger exist. [ ] Such periphrasis is rejected by some researchers such as and some other scholars who are usually close to Turkish authorities who believe that such claims obscure Kurdish cultural, social, political and ideological heterogeneity without sufficient justification.
Who had worked for the 's Foreign Policy Research Institute argued that such claims mostly come from, Western human rights activists, and European leftists. Main articles:,,, and The of has been a part of the country since ancient times. Nearly all was part of until its Western part was lost during against the.
Following the, at the of 1919 Tehran had demanded all lost territories including,, and even, but demands were quickly rejected by Western powers. This area has been divided by modern, and. Today, the Kurds inhabit mostly northwestern territories known as but also the northeastern region of, and constitute approximately 7-10% of Iran's overall population (6.5–7.9 million), compared to 10.6% (2 million) in 1956 and 8% (800 thousand) in 1850. Yellow parts are Kurdish inhabited areas. Unlike in other Kurdish-populated countries, there are strong ethnolinguistical and cultural ties between Kurds, and others as.
Some modern Iranian dynasties like the and are considered to be partly of Kurdish origin. In all of its forms (,, and ) has been developed within Iranian under strong influence of the. The Kurds sharing much of their history with the rest of Iran is seen as reason for why Kurdish leaders in Iran do not want a separate Kurdish state The has never employed the same level of brutality against its own Kurds like or, but it has always been implacably opposed to any suggestion of Kurdish separatism. During and shortly after the the government of Iran was ineffective and had very little control over events in the country and several Kurdish chiefs gained local political power, even established large confederations.
At the same time waves of from the disintegrating Ottoman Empire partly influenced some Kurdish chiefs in border regions to pose as Kurdish nationalist leaders. Prior to this, identity in both countries largely relied upon religion i.e. In the particular case of Iran. In 19th century, and the describing of Kurds as an Ottoman was quite frequent. During the late 1910s and early 1920s, led by Kurdish chieftain struck north western Iran. Although elements of were present in this movement, historians agree these were hardly articulate enough to justify a claim that recognition of Kurdish identity was a major issue in Simko's movement, and he had to rely heavily on conventional tribal motives.
Government forces and non-Kurds were not the only ones to suffer in the attacks, the was also robbed and assaulted. Rebels do not appear to have felt any sense of unity or solidarity with fellow Kurds. Kurdish insurgency and seasonal migrations in the late 1920s, along with long-running tensions between Tehran and Ankara, resulted in border clashes and even military penetrations in both Iranian and Turkish territory. Two regional powers have used Kurdish tribes as tool for own political benefits: Turkey has provided military help and refuge for anti-Iranian Turcophone in 1918-1922, while Iran did the same during against Turkey in 1930. 's military victory over Kurdish and tribal leaders initiated a repressive era toward non- minorities. Government's forced detribalization and in 1920s and 1930s resulted with many other tribal revolts in Iranian regions of, and.
In particular case of the Kurds, this repressive policies partly contributed to developing among some tribes. As a response to growing and in region which were seen as potential threats to the territorial integrity of Iran, ideology has been developed in the early 1920s. Some of such groups and journals openly advocated Iranian support to the Kurdish rebellion against. Secular has endorsed Iranian ethnic which seen the Kurds as integral part of the Iranian nation. Has personally praised the Kurds as 'pure Iranians' or 'one of the most noble '. Another significant ideology during this period was which arose among Kurds under influence of. It culminated in the which included a separatist attempt of and groups to establish the called.
It arose along with, another Soviet puppet state. The state itself encompassed a very small territory, including and the adjacent cities, unable to incorporate the southern Iranian Kurdistan which fell inside the Anglo-American zone, and unable to attract the tribes outside Mahabad itself to the nationalist cause.
As a result, when the Soviets withdrew from Iran in December 1946, government forces were able to enter Mahabad unopposed. Several and insurgencies continued for decades (,, ) led by and, but those two organization have never advocated a separate Kurdish state or greater Kurdistan as did the in. Still, many of dissident leaders, among others and, were executed or assassinated. During, Tehran has provided support for Iraqi-based Kurdish groups like or, along with asylum for 1,400,000 Iraqi refugees, mostly. Kurdish Marxist groups have been marginalized in Iran since the. In 2004 new started by, separatist organization affiliated with the Turkey-based and designated as by Iran, Turkey and the United States. Some analysts claim PJAK do not pose any serious threat to the.
Cease-fire has been established in September 2011 following the Iranian offensive on PJAK bases, but several clashes between PJAK and IRGC took place after it. Since the of 1979, accusations of 'discrimination' by Western organizations and of 'foreign involvement' by Iranian side have become very frequent. Kurds have been well integrated in during reign of various governments.
Kurdish liberal political has served as minister of education under in 1952. During the reign of some members of parliament and high army officers were Kurds, and there was even a Kurdish Cabinet Minister. During Kurds received many favours from the authorities, for instance to keep their land after the of 1962.
In the early 2000s, presence of thirty Kurdish deputies in the 290-strong has also helped to undermine claims of discrimination. Some of the more influential Kurdish politicians during recent years include former and, and second-placed in 2013. Is today used more than at any other time since the, including in several newspapers and among schoolchildren. A large number of Iranian Kurds show no interest in, particularly Kurds of the faith who sometimes even vigorously reject idea of autonomy, preferring direct rule from. The issue of Kurdish nationalism and Iranian national identity is generally only questioned in the peripheral Kurdish dominated regions where the faith is prevalent. The President of Iraq,, meeting with U.S.
Officials in, Iraq, on 26 April 2006. Kurds constitute approximately 17% of Iraq's population. They are the majority in at least three provinces in northern Iraq which are together known as. Kurds also have a presence in,,, and.
Around 300,000 Kurds live in the Iraqi capital, 50,000 in the city of and around 100,000 elsewhere in southern Iraq. Kurds led by were engaged in heavy fighting against successive Iraqi regimes from 1960 to 1975.
In March 1970, Iraq announced a peace plan providing for Kurdish autonomy. The plan was to be implemented in four years.
However, at the same time, the Iraqi regime started an Arabization program in the oil-rich regions of and. The peace agreement did not last long, and in 1974, the Iraqi government began a new offensive against the Kurds. Moreover, in March 1975, Iraq and Iran signed the, according to which Iran cut supplies to Iraqi Kurds. Iraq started another wave of Arabization by moving Arabs to the oil fields in Kurdistan, particularly those around Kirkuk. Between 1975 and 1978, 200,000 Kurds were deported to other parts of Iraq. During the in the 1980s, the regime implemented anti-Kurdish policies and a de facto civil war broke out.
Iraq was widely condemned by the international community, but was never seriously punished for oppressive measures such as the mass murder of hundreds of thousands of civilians, the wholesale destruction of thousands of villages and the deportation of thousands of Kurds to southern and central Iraq. The genocidal campaign, conducted between 1986 and 1989 and culminating in 1988, carried out by the Iraqi government against the Kurdish population was called Anfal ('Spoils of War'). The Anfal campaign led to destruction of over two thousand villages and killing of 182,000 Kurdish civilians. The campaign included the use of ground offensives, aerial bombing, systematic destruction of settlements, mass deportation, firing squads, and chemical attacks, including the most infamous attack on the Kurdish town of that killed 5000 civilians instantly. Kurdish children in After the collapse of the Kurdish uprising in March 1991, Iraqi troops recaptured most of the Kurdish areas and 1.5 million Kurds abandoned their homes and fled to the Turkish and Iranian borders.
It is estimated that close to 20,000 Kurds succumbed to death due to exhaustion, lack of food, exposure to cold and disease. On 5 April 1991, passed resolution which condemned the repression of Iraqi Kurdish civilians and demanded that Iraq end its repressive measures and allow immediate access to international humanitarian organizations. This was the first international document (since the arbitration of Mosul in 1926) to mention Kurds by name. In mid-April, the Coalition established safe havens inside Iraqi borders and prohibited Iraqi planes from flying north of 36th parallel.: 373, 375 In October 1991, Kurdish guerrillas captured and after a series of clashes with Iraqi troops.
In late October, Iraqi government retaliated by imposing a food and fuel embargo on the Kurds and stopping to pay civil servants in the Kurdish region. The embargo, however, backfired and Kurds held parliamentary elections in May 1992 and established. The Kurdish population welcomed the American troops in 2003 by holding celebrations and dancing in the streets. The area controlled by was expanded, and Kurds now have effective control in and parts of.
The authority of the and legality of its laws and regulations were recognized in the articles 113 and 137 of the new ratified in 2005. By the beginning of 2006, the two Kurdish administrations of Erbil and Sulaimaniya were unified.
On 14 August 2007, Yazidis were targeted in a that became the deadliest suicide attack since the began, killing 796 civilians, wounding 1,562. Militiaman manning a in,, during the Kurds account for 9% of 's population, a total of around 1.6 million people. This makes them the largest ethnic minority in the country. They are mostly concentrated in the northeast and the north, but there are also significant Kurdish populations in Aleppo and Damascus. Kurds often speak Kurdish in public, unless all those present do not.
According to, Kurdish human rights activists are mistreated and persecuted. No political parties are allowed for any group, Kurdish or otherwise. Techniques used to suppress the ethnic identity of Kurds in include various bans on the use of the, refusal to register children with Kurdish names, the replacement of Kurdish place names with new names in, the prohibition of businesses that do not have Arabic names, the prohibition of Kurdish private schools, and the prohibition of books and other materials written in Kurdish. Having been denied the right to Syrian nationality, around 300,000 Kurds have been deprived of any social rights, in violation of international law. As a consequence, these Kurds are in effect trapped within Syria.
In March 2011, in part to avoid further demonstrations and unrest from spreading across Syria, the Syrian government promised to tackle the issue and grant Syrian citizenship to approximately 300,000 Kurds who had been previously denied the right. On 12 March 2004, beginning at a stadium in (a largely Kurdish city in northeastern Syria), clashes between Kurds and Syrians broke out and continued over a number of days. At least thirty people were killed and more than 160 injured. The unrest spread to other Kurdish towns along the northern border with Turkey, and then to and. As a result of, since July 2012, Kurds were able to take control of large parts of Syrian Kurdistan from Andiwar in extreme northeast to Jindires in extreme northwest Syria. The Syrian Kurds started the in 2013.
See also: and Between the 1930s and 1980s, was a part of the, within which Kurds, like other ethnic groups, had the status of a protected minority. Armenian Kurds were permitted their own state-sponsored newspaper, radio broadcasts and cultural events. During the conflict in, many non-Yazidi Kurds were forced to leave their homes since both the Azeri and non-Yazidi Kurds were Muslim. In 1920, two Kurdish-inhabited areas of Jewanshir (capital ) and eastern Zangazur (capital ) were combined to form the (or 'Red Kurdistan'). The period of existence of the Kurdish administrative unit was brief and did not last beyond 1929. Kurds subsequently faced many repressive measures, including deportations, imposed by the government.
As a result of the, many Kurdish areas have been destroyed and more than 150,000 Kurds have been deported since 1988 by separatist forces. Kurdish-American billionaire, founder and CEO of. According to a report by the, approximately 1.3 million Kurds live in. The earliest immigrants were Kurds from Turkey, who settled in,, the countries,, and during the 1960s. Successive periods of political and social turmoil in the region during the 1980s and 1990s brought new waves of Kurdish refugees, mostly from Iran and Iraq under Saddam Hussein, came to Europe. In recent years, many Kurdish asylum seekers from both Iran and Iraq have settled in the United Kingdom (especially in the town of and in some northern areas of ), which has sometimes caused media controversy over their right to remain. There have been tensions between Kurds and the established Muslim community in Dewsbury, which is home to very traditional mosques such as the.
Since the beginning of the turmoil in Syria many of the are and as a result many of the current Syrian asylum seekers in Germany are of Kurdish descent. There was substantial immigration of ethnic Kurds in and the, who are mainly political refugees and immigrants seeking economic opportunity. According to a household survey, there were 11,685 people of Kurdish ethnic background living in, and according to the 2011 Census, 10,325 Canadians spoke Kurdish language. In the United States, Kurdish immigrants started to settle in large numbers in in 1976, which is now home to the largest Kurdish community in the United States and is nicknamed Little Kurdistan. Kurdish population in Nashville is estimated to be around 11,000. Total number of ethnic Kurds residing in the United States is estimated by the to be 15,400. A Visit From The Goon Squad Pdf Free more. Other sources claim that there are 20,000 ethnic Kurds in the United States.
Religion As a whole, the Kurdish people are adherents to a large number of different religions and creeds, perhaps constituting the most religiously diverse people of West Asia. Traditionally, Kurds have been known to take great liberties with their practices. This sentiment is reflected in the saying 'Compared to the unbeliever, the Kurd is a Muslim'.
The - 'I testify that there is no god (ilah) but (the) God (Allah)', the creed of Islam. Today, the majority of Kurds are, belonging to the school. The Kurdish following of the Shafi legal code has caused some tension when pushed up against Sunni Turks and Sunni Arabs who subscribe to the legal code. The majority of Sunni Muslim Kurds belonging to the Shafi school speak the Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) dialect. There is also a significant minority of Kurds who are Muslims, primarily living in the, and provinces of, central and southeastern Iraq ( Kurds) as well as Shia Kurds who are in Syria and especially in Turkey. Amongst Shia Muslim Kurdish communities, in particular the practitioners of Alevism in Anatolia, the is found more commonly. Practices and participation in orders are also widespread among Kurds, with prominent Kurdish Sufi saints including.
Main article: The Alevis (usually considered adherents of a branch of with elements of ) are another religious significant minority among the Kurds, living in Eastern in Turkey, meanwhile, it is estimated that 30% of Kurds in Turkey are Alevis. Developed out of the teachings of, a 13th-century mystic from. Among the, the militant groups which predate the Alevis and helped establish the, there were numerous Kurdish tribes. The American missionary Stephen van Renssalaer Trowbridge, working at Aintab (present ) reported that his Alevi acquaintances considered as their highest spiritual leaders an sayyid family in the Guran district. Ahl-i Haqq (Yarsan). Main article: Ahl-i Haqq or Yarsanism is a religion founded by in the late 14th century in western Iran.
Most of its adherents, estimated at around 500,000 or 1,000,000, are found primarily in western Iran and eastern Iraq and are mostly ethnic, though there are also smaller groups of,, and adherents. Its central religious text is the, written in. In this text, the religion's basic pillars are summarized as: 'The Yarsan should strive for these four qualities: purity, rectitude, self-effacement and self-abnegation'. The Yarsan faith's unique features include,,,,, divine manifestation and. Many of these features are found in, another Kurdish faith, in the faith of and in (non-mainstream Shia) groups; certainly, the names and religious terminology of the Yarsan are often explicitly of Muslim origin. Unlike other indigenous Persianate faiths, the Yarsan explicitly reject class, caste and rank, which sets them apart from the Yazidis and Zoroastrians. The Ahl-i Haqq consider the and as kindred communities.
(or Ferohar), one of the primary symbols of Zoroastrianism, believed to be the depiction of a Fravashi (guardian spirit) The Persian religion of Zoroastrianism had a major influence on the early Kurdish culture and has maintained some effect since the demise of the religion in the Middle Ages. The Kurdish philosopher Sohrevardi drew heavily from Zoroastrian teachings. Ascribed to the teachings of the prophet, the faith's is.
Leading characteristics, such as, the, and, and influenced other religious systems, including,,, and. In 2016, the first official Zoroastrian of opened in. Attendees celebrated the occasion by lighting a ritual fire and beating the or 'daf'. Awat Tayib, the chief of followers of Zoroastrianism in the Kurdistan region, claimed that many were returning to Zoroastrianism but some kept it secret out of fear of reprisals from Islamists. Two Kurds with an priest, 1873. Today, Kurdish Christians number an estimated 25,000. Although historically there have been various accounts of Kurdish Christians, most often these were in the form of individuals, and not as communities.
However, in the 19th and 20th century various travel logs tell of Kurdish Christian tribes, as well as Kurdish Muslim tribes who had substantial Christian populations living amongst them. A significant number of these were allegedly originally or, and it has been recorded that a small number of Christian traditions have been preserved.
Several Christian prayers in Kurdish have been found from earlier centuries. Segments of the Bible were first made available in the Kurdish language in 1856 in the Kurmanji dialect. The Gospels were translated by Stepan, an Armenian employee of the and were published in 1857. Prominent historical Kurdish Christians include [ ] [ ] and the brothers.
Main articles: and Kurdish culture is a legacy from the various ancient peoples who shaped modern Kurds and their society. As most other Middle Eastern populations, a high degree of mutual influences between the Kurds and their neighbouring peoples are apparent.
Therefore, in Kurdish culture elements of various other cultures are to be seen. However, on the whole, Kurdish culture is closest to that of other, in particular those who historically had the closest geographical proximity to the Kurds, such as the and. Kurds, for instance, also celebrate (March 21) as New Year's Day. Education A madrasa system was used before the modern era. Mele are Islamic clerics and instructors. Main article: In general, Kurdish women's rights and equality have improved in the 20th and 21st century due to progressive movements within Kurdish society. However, despite the progress, Kurdish and international women's rights organizations still report problems related to,, and in also (FGM).
In 1930s, Bedirkhan brothers ( and ) have promoted the myth of the uniqueness of Kurdish women and claimed that Kurdish women enjoy more freedom compared with Arab, Persian and Turkish women. A discredited myth was later propagated by other Kurdish nationalists, as well as some Western observers and activists.
Folklore and mythology. Modern rug from Kurdish weaving is renowned throughout the world, with fine specimens of both rugs and bags. The most famous Kurdish rugs are those from the region, in the Kurdistan Province. Because of the unique way in which the Bijar rugs are woven, they are very stout and durable, hence their appellation as the ‘Iron Rugs of Persia’.
Exhibiting a wide variety, the Bijar rugs have patterns ranging from floral designs, medallions and animals to other ornaments. They generally have two, and are very colorful in design. With an increased interest in these rugs in the last century, and a lesser need for them to be as sturdy as they were, new Bijar rugs are more refined and delicate in design. Another well-known Kurdish rug is the Senneh rug, which is regarded as the most sophisticated of the Kurdish rugs. They are especially known for their great knot density and high quality mountain wool. They lend their name from the region of.
Throughout other Kurdish regions like,, and rugs were also woven to great extent. Kurdish bags are mainly known from the works of one large tribe: the, living in the border area between Iran and Iraq. These Jaff bags share the same characteristics of Kurdish rugs; very colorful, stout in design, often with medallion patterns. They were especially popular in the West during the 1920s and 1930s. A Kurdish nobleman bearing a dagger Outside of weaving and clothing, there are many other Kurdish, which were traditionally often crafted by nomadic Kurdish tribes. These are especially well known in Iran, most notably the crafts from the and regions.
Among these crafts are chess boards, talismans, jewelry, ornaments, weaponry, instruments etc. Kurdish blades include a distinct, with its characteristic I-shaped hilt, and oblong blade. Generally, these possess double-edged blades, reinforced with a central ridge, a wooden, leather or silver decorated scabbard, and a horn hilt, furthermore they are often still worn decoratively by older men. Swords were made as well.
Most of these blades in circulation stem from the 19th century. Another distinct form of art from Sanandaj is 'Oroosi', a type of window where stylized wooden pieces are locked into each other, rather than being glued together. These are further decorated with coloured glass, this stems from an old belief that if light passes through a combination of seven colours it helps keep the atmosphere clean. Among Kurdish Jews a common practice was the making of talismans, which were believed to combat illnesses and protect the wearer from malevolent spirits. Tattoos Adorning the body with ( deq in Kurdish) is widespread among the Kurds; even though permanent tattoos are not permissible in Sunni Islam.
Therefore, these traditional tattoos are thought to derive from pre-Islamic times. Tattoo ink is made by mixing with (breast) milk and the poisonous liquid from the gall bladder of an animal. The design is drawn on the skin using a thin twig and is, by needle, penetrated under the skin. These have a wide variety of meanings and purposes, among which are protection against evil or illnesses; beauty enhancement; and the showing of tribal affiliations.
Is also common among both traditional and modern Kurdish tattoos. Tattoos are more prevalent among women than among men, and were generally worn on feet, the chin, foreheads and other places of the body.
The popularity of permanent, traditional tattoos has greatly diminished among newer generation of Kurds. However, modern tattoos are becoming more prevalent; and temporary tattoos are still being worn on special occasions (such as, the night before a wedding) and as tribute to the cultural heritage. Music and dance. The most famous contemporary Kurdish footballer, striker for the The most popular sport among the Kurds is football.
Because the Kurds have no independent state, they have no representative team in or the; however a team representing has been active in the since 2008. They became runners-up in 2009 and 2010, before ultimately becoming champion in 2012. On a national level, the Kurdish clubs of Iraq have achieved success in recent years as well, winning the four times in the last five years.
Prominent clubs are,, and. In Turkey, a Kurd named was one of the founders of in 1905, as well as one of the original players. The most prominent Kurdish-Turkish club is.
In the diaspora, the most successful Kurdish club is and the most famous player is. Another prominent sport is wrestling. In, there are three styles originating from Kurdish regions: • Zhir-o-Bal (a style similar to ), practised in, and; • Zouran-Patouleh, practised in; • Zouran-Machkeh, practised in as well.
Furthermore, the most accredited of the traditional Iranian wrestling styles, the Bachoukheh, derives its name from a local Khorasani Kurdish costume in which it is practised. Kurdish medalists in the were, and Yezidi; who won medals in, and, respectively. The The traditional Kurdish village has simple houses, made of mud.
In most cases with flat, wooden roofs, and, if the village is built on the slope of a mountain, the roof on one house makes for the garden of the house one level higher. However, houses with a beehive-like roof, not unlike those in, are also present. Over the centuries many Kurdish architectural marvels have been erected, with varying styles. Kurdistan boasts many examples from ancient Iranic, Roman, Greek and Semitic origin, most famous of these include and in Kermanshah, near Takab, near Adiyaman and the citadels of Erbil and Diyarbakir.
The first genuinely Kurdish examples extant were built in the 11th century. Those earliest examples consist of the Marwanid in Diyarbakir, the Shadaddid in Ani, and the near Homs. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Ayyubid dynasty constructed many buildings throughout the Middle East, being influenced by their predecessors, the Fatimids, and their rivals, the Crusaders, whilst also developing their own techniques. Furthermore, women of the Ayyubid family took a prominent role in the patronage of new constructions. The Ayyubids’ most famous works are the Halil-ur-Rahman Mosque that surrounds the in Urfa, the and most parts of the. Another important piece of Kurdish architectural heritage from the late 12th/early 13th century is the Yezidi pilgrimage site, with its trademark conical roofs.
In later periods too, Kurdish rulers and their corresponding dynasties and emirates would leave their mark upon the land in the form mosques, castles and bridges, some of which have decayed, or have been (partly) destroyed in an attempt to erase the Kurdish cultural heritage, such as the White Castle of the Bohtan Emirate. Well-known examples are of the 17th century, of the early 18th century, and the Ellwen Bridge of Khanaqin of the 19th century.
Most famous is the of Dogubeyazit, a structure with heavy influences from both Anatolian and Iranic architectural traditions. Construction of the Palace began in 1685, led by Colak Abdi Pasha, a Kurdish bey of the Ottoman Empire, but the building wouldn’t be completed until 1784, by his grandson, Ishak Pasha. Containing almost 100 rooms, including a mosque, dining rooms, dungeons and being heavily decorated by hewn-out ornaments, this Palace has the reputation as being one of the finest pieces of architecture of the Ottoman Period, and of Anatolia. In recent years, the KRG has been responsible for the renovation of several historical structures, such as Erbil Citadel and the Mudhafaria Minaret.