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• • • Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of human rights organizations, who accuse the government of systematic human rights abuses, including and unfair trials. International human rights organizations such as and have drawn attention to the actions of the human rights movement and designated members of it as, such as. In addition, the led by former heads of state of the, of and of was created to support the civic movement. Limits freedom of expression, association, assembly, movement, and the press. Concerns have also been expressed about the operation of. According to Human Rights Watch, even though Cuba, officially until 1992, now 'permits greater opportunities for religious expression than it did in past years, and has allowed several religious-run humanitarian groups to operate, the government still maintains tight control on religious institutions, affiliated groups, and individual believers'.

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Has also been at the center of complaints. Main article: Cuba officially adopted the civil and political rights enumerated in the in 1948. One of the key principles in the declaration was the insistence on. The says that free speech is allowed 'in keeping with the objectives of socialist society' and that artistic creation is allowed 'as long as its content is not contrary to the Revolution'.

Cuba's ranking was on the bottom of the 2008 compiled by the (RWB). Cuba was named one of the ten most censored countries in the world by the. Books, newspapers, radio channels, television channels, movies and music are supposedly censored, although a lot of foreign media, particularly movies and music, has notably been heard and seen without any police interference. Media is operated under the supervision of the Department of Revolutionary Orientation, which 'develops and coordinates propaganda strategies'. Human rights groups and international organizations believe that these articles subordinate the exercise of freedom of expression to the state. The assess that: 'It is evident that the exercise of the right to freedom of expression under this article of the Constitution is governed by two fundamental determinants: on the one hand, the preservation and strengthening of the communist State; on the other, the need to muzzle any criticism of the group in power.' Human rights group assert that the universal state ownership of the media means that freedom of expression is restricted.

Thus the exercise of the right to freedom of expression is restricted by the lack of means of mass communication falling outside state control. States: 'Refusing to recognize human rights monitoring as a legitimate activity, the government denies legal status to local human rights groups. Individuals who belong to these groups face systematic harassment, with the government putting up obstacles to impede them from documenting human rights conditions. In addition, international human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International are barred from sending fact-finding missions to Cuba. It remains one of the few countries in the world to deny the International Committee of the Red Cross access to its prisons.' A report finds that Internet use is very restricted and under tight surveillance.

Access is only possible with government permission and equipment is rationed. E-mail is monitored. Foreign journalists are systematically expelled from Cuba, e.g. Notable journalists of, Anna Bikont and Seweryn Blumsztahn, were expelled in 2005. [ ] Restrictions of assembly [ ] Human Rights Watch states that ' is severely restricted in Cuba, and political dissidents are generally prohibited from meeting in large groups. States that 'All human rights, civil and professional associations and unions that exist today in Cuba outside the officialdom of the state apparatus and mass organizations controlled by the government are barred from having legal status.

This often puts at risk the individuals who belong to these associations of facing harassment, intimidation or criminal charges for activities which constitute the legitimate exercise of the fundamental freedoms of expression, association and assembly.' [ ] The Cuban authorities only recognize a single national trade union centre, the (CTC), heavily controlled by the State and the Communist Party which appoints its leaders.

Membership is compulsory for all workers. Before a worker can be hired, they must sign a contract in which they promise to support the Communist Party and everything it represents. The government explicitly prohibits independent trade unions, there is systematic harassment and detention of labor activists, and the leaders of attempted independent unions have been imprisoned.

The right to strike is not recognized in law. Bans are enforced by 'Rapid Brigades', consisting of members of the army and police in plain clothes, who beat and disperse any demonstrators. Society [ ] In 2001 an attempt was made by and others from the Christian Liberation Movement, operating as the, to have a national using provisions in the which provided for.

If accepted by the government and approved by public vote, the amendments would have established such things as,,, as well as starting private businesses. The was refused by the National Assembly and in response a referendum was held in support of socialism being a permanent fixture of the constitution, for which the government claimed 99% voter approval. Another important project is the establishment of the Assembly to Promote Civil Society. Main article: The Cuban government operates on national health system and assumes full fiscal and administrative responsibility for the health care of its citizens. The government prohibits any private alternatives to the national health system. In 1976, Cuba's healthcare program was enshrined in Article 50 of the revised constitution which states, 'Everyone has the right to health protection and care'.

Healthcare in Cuba is also free. However, there is no right to privacy, or a patient's informed consent, or the right to protest or sue a doctor or clinic for malpractice. Moreover, the patient does not have right to refuse treatment (for example, a cannot refuse an on grounds that his religion forbids it.) Many Cubans complain about politics in medical treatment and health care decision-making. After spending nine months in Cuban clinics, anthropologist Katherine Hirschfeld wrote 'My increased awareness of Cuba’s criminalization of dissent raised a very provocative question: to what extent is the favorable international image of the Cuban health care system maintained by the state’s practice of suppressing dissent and covertly intimidating or imprisoning would-be critics?' Family doctors are expected to keep records of their patients' 'political integration.' Epidemiological surveillance has become juxtaposed with political surveillance. Religious freedom [ ].

Main article: Women have relatively high representation in the country, with women holding 48.9% of the parliamentary seats in the. Torture [ ] Day and night, the screams of tormented women in panic and desperation who cry for God's mercy fall upon the deaf ears of prison authorities. They are confined to narrow cells with no sunlight called 'drawers' that have cement beds, a hole on the ground for their bodily needs, and are infested with a multitude of rodents, roaches, and other insects. In these 'drawers' the women remain weeks and months.

When they scream in terror due to the darkness (blackouts are common) and the heat, they are injected sedatives that keep them half-drugged. Main article: In March 2003, the government of Cuba arrested dozens of people (including self-identified journalists and ), and charged them with due to their alleged cooperation with, head of the. The accused were tried and sentenced to prison terms ranging from 15 to 28 years. In all, 75 people were given lengthy sentences averaging 17 years each.

Among those sentenced were,, and. Described the trials as 'hasty and manifestly unfair.' Cuban Foreign Minister denied these accusations and responded: 'Cuba has the right to defend itself and apply punishment just like other nations do, like the United States punishes those who cooperate with a foreign power to inflict damage on their people and territory.' During the trial, evidence was presented that the defendants had received funds from the U.S.

Interests Section. Cuban officials claim that the goal of this funding was to undermine the Cuban state, disrupt internal order, and damage the Cuban economy. For his part, Cason denies offering funds to anyone in Cuba.

On November 29, 2004, the Cuban government released three of those arrested in the March 2003:,, and. The action followed a meeting between the Spanish ambassador and Cuba's foreign minister. In subsequent days four more dissidents were released:,, and. Seven other prisoners had previously been released for health reasons. Campaigns against homosexual behavior [ ].

Main articles: and Thousands of,, conscientious objectors, and dissidents were forced to conduct their compulsory military service in the 1960s at UMAP camps, where they were subject to political '. Military commanders brutalized the inmates. Carlos Alberto Montaner says 'Camps of forced labour were instituted with all speed to 'correct' such deviations. Verbal and physical mistreatment, shaved heads, work from dawn to dusk, hammocks, dirt floors, scarce food. The camps became increasingly crowded as the methods of arrest became more expedient'.

In the late 1960s, because of 'revolutionary social hygiene', the Castro government claimed to cleanse the arts of 'fraudulent sodomitic' writers and 'sick effeminate' dancers. Additionally, men with long hair were locked up and their hair was cut. Emailchemy Torrent Download more. Castro is reported to once have asserted that, 'in the country[side], there are no homosexuals', before claiming in 1992 that homosexuality is a 'natural human tendency that must simply be respected'.

Another source reports Castro as having denounced 'maricones' (') as 'agents of imperialism'. Castro has also reportedly asserted that 'homosexuals should not be allowed in positions where they are able to exert influence upon young people'. Recent changes [ ] Cuba has taken some reforms recently. In 2003, Carlos Sanchez from the issued a report on the status of gay people in Cuba that claimed that the Cuban government no longer offers any legal punishment for its gay citizens, that there is a greater level of tolerance among Cubans for gay, bisexual, and transgender people, and that the Cuban government was open to endorsing a gay and lesbian rights plank at the. Since 2005 for transgender individuals are free under law, and are paid for by the government.

Also now has a 'lively and vibrant' gay and lesbian scene. In a 2010 interview with Mexican newspaper La Jornada, the former president of Cuba, Fidel Castro, called the persecution of homosexuals whilst he was in power 'a great injustice, great injustice!' Taking responsibility for the persecution, he said, 'If anyone is responsible, it's me. We had so many and such terrible problems, problems of life or death. In those moments I was not able to deal with that matter [of homosexuals]. I found myself immersed, principally, in the, in the war, in policy questions.'

Castro personally believed that the negative treatment of gays in Cuba arose out of the country's pre-revolutionary attitudes toward homosexuality., daughter of current president, has been pushing for lesbian rights with the pro-lesbian government sponsored which she leads. Mariela has stated her father fully supports her initiatives, saying that her father has overcome his initial homophobia to support his daughter. United Nations Human Rights Commission [ ] Since 1990, the United States has presented various resolutions to the annual criticizing Cuba’s human rights record. The proposals and subsequent diplomatic disagreements have been described as a 'nearly annual ritual'. Long-term consensus between Latin American nations has not emerged. The resolutions were passed 1990–1997, but were rejected in 1998.

Subsequent efforts by the U.S. Have succeeded by narrow voting margins.

In the Americas, some governments back the criticism, others oppose it, seeing it as a cynical manipulation of a serious human rights issue in order to promote the isolation of the island and to justify the decades-old embargo. European Union nations have universally voted against Cuba since 1990, though requests that the resolution should contain references to the negative effects of the economic embargo have been made. Cuban human rights groups [ ] • • • • • • See also [ ].

( National Fair) The culture of Mexico reflects the country's complex history and is the result of the gradual blending of (particularly ) with and other. First inhabited more than 10,000 years ago, the cultures that developed in Mexico became one of the. During the 300-year rule by the Spanish, Mexico became a crossroad for the people and cultures of Europe, Africa and Asia. The government of independent Mexico actively promoted shared cultural traits in order to create a national identity. The culture of an individual Mexican is influenced by their familial ties, gender, religion, location and social class, among other factors. In many ways, contemporary life in the cities of Mexico has become similar to that in neighboring United States and Europe, with provincial people conserving traditions more so than the city dwellers.

The patron saint of Mexico. The Spanish arrival and colonization brought to the country, which became the main religion of Mexico. Mexico is a, and the and laws imposed limitations on the church and sometimes codified state intrusion into church matters.

The government does not provide any financial contributions to the church, and the church does not participate in public education. 95.6% of the population were in 2010. Are 89% of the total, 47% percent of whom attend church services weekly. In absolute terms, Mexico has the world's second largest number of Catholics after Brazil. According to the Government's 2000 census, approximately 87 percent of respondents identified themselves as at least nominally Roman Catholic. Other religious groups for which the 2000 census provided estimates included, with 1.71 percent of the population; other Protestant evangelical groups, 2.79 percent; members of, 1.25 percent; 'Historical' Protestants, 0.71 percent;, 0.58 percent;, 0.25 percent;, 0.05 percent; and other religions, 0.31 percent. Approximately 3.52 percent of respondents indicated no religion, and 0.86 percent did not specify a religion.

By at the depicting the history of Mexico from the Conquest to early 20th century. Mexico is known for its traditions, mostly derived from the indigenous and Spanish crafts. Pre-Columbian art thrived over a wide timescale, from 1800 BC to AD 1500.

Certain artistic characteristics were repeated throughout the region, namely a preference for angular, linear patterns, and three-dimensional ceramics. Notable handicrafts include clay pottery from the valley of Oaxaca and the village of Tonala. Colorfully embroidered cotton garments, cotton or wool shawls and outer garments, and colorful baskets and rugs are seen everywhere. Mexico is also known for its, especially for public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures. Main article: Mexico is the most populous -speaking country in the world. Although the overwhelming majority of Mexicans today speak Spanish, there is no official language at the federal level. The government recognizes 62 indigenous as national languages.

Some Spanish vocabulary in Mexico has roots in the country's indigenous languages, which are spoken by approximately 6% of the population. Some indigenous Mexican words have become common in other languages, such as the. For instance, the words tomato, chocolate,, and are in origin.

Architecture [ ]. See also: The history of Mexican cinema dates to the beginning of the 20th century when several enthusiasts of the new medium documented historical events – most particularly the Mexican Revolution. The is the name given to the period between 1935 and 1959, where the quality and economic success of the cinema of Mexico reached its peak. An era when renowned actors such as and appeared on the silver screen. Present-day film makers include (, ), (, ), ( ), ( ), screenwriter and owners and. National holidays [ ]. A ritual dance performed by the.

The foundation of Mexican music comes from its indigenous sounds and heritage. The original inhabitants of the land used drums (such as the ), flutes,, as trumpets and their to make music and dances. This ancient music is still played in some parts of Mexico. However, much of the traditional contemporary music of Mexico was written during and after the Spanish colonial period, using many influenced instruments. Many traditional instruments, such as the used in, were adapted from their old world predecessors and are now considered very Mexican. Mexican society enjoys a vast array of music genres, showing the diversity of Mexican culture.

Traditional music includes,,, and. Mexicans also listen to contemporary music such as and. Mexico has the largest media industry in Latin America, producing Mexican artists who are famous in the and parts of Europe. Folk songs called have been popular in Mexico since the early nineteen hundreds. It may tell the story of the Mexican Revolution, pride,, romance, poverty, politics or crime.

Notable contributions to the country's music are the and the. Main article: The traditional national sport of Mexico is, which consists of a series of equestrian events. The national horse of Mexico, used in, is the., a tradition brought from Spain, is also popular. Mexico has the largest venue for bullfighting in the world - the in Mexico City which seats 48,000 people. Is the most popular team sport in Mexico. Most states have their own representative football teams. Among the country's significant teams include,,, and.

Notable players include,,,,,,,,, and. The country hosted the in 1968 and the in and, and was the first country to host the FIFA World Cup twice. Don Omar Presents Meet The Orphans Deluxe Edition Zip there. See also [ ].